蚂蚁之间的打斗[讨论] | 蚁司令 | 蚂蚁之间的打斗.
出自:Nathan C. Koeniger
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natek@holly.colostate.edu
The reason I have chosen to include fighting behavior is that it can be closely associated with foraging behavior and it often occurs as a result of resource (food) defense. For Brown and Gordon, "...results showed that all ants were equally
likely to interact with non-nestmates (Adams 1127)." Therefore, it is advantageous for all workers to be able to fight and participate in resource defense. Thus, all workers are capable of fighting. When considering defense and fighting behavior in ants it is important to pay attention to what kind of enemy presents the threat. Clearly, other ants of the same species and ants of different species often threaten the livelihood and food resources of the colony (Whitehouse 1207). Although, many ant species are polymorphic and therefore have soldier castes, these soldiers don't seem to play as big a role as expected in wars with other colonies of ants (Whitehouse 1207).Instead, the ant Atta laevigata, "...responded to conspecific and interspecific ant threats by recruiting mainly small ants (Whitehouse 1207)." This trend can be justified according to "the square law (Whitehouse 1207)." It states that "...if all individuals are equally vulnerable to attack, then individuals are killed at a rate proportional to the number of opponents...(Whitehouse 1207)." In basic terms, the larger group of ants wins the war and this seems to be the major factor in winning large scale ant to ant conflicts (Whitehouse 1207). If this is true, it seems to eliminate the need for a soldier caste. Therefore, the soldier caste must have a different function. Naturally, ants have to ward off other threats like vertebrates who might disturb the nest. This is where soldiers play a vital role (Whitehouse 1207). Soldier ants are larger more developed worker ants which often have enlarged jaws and are specialized for fighting and irritating vertebrates (Whitehouse). "Thus the soldier caste may be used to deter vertebrate threats (Whitehouse 1208)." In addition, when pitted against a single foreign ant, the soldier ant is more likely to win the fight than anotherworker ant. Indeed, they prove to be more effective than large groups of worker ants in certain conflict situations
(Whitehouse 1207). This is summarized by the linear law, which states: "If the battle is a series of one-to-one conflicts, however, with excess individuals waiting for a free opponent,...a few good fighters will be better than many poor fighters (Whitehouse 1207)."
Ants mark their territory with pheromone trails. If these territorial markers are traversed then aggressive behavior ensues. Individual fighting ability may dictate an ant colony's territory size (Adams 1127). Adams states: "Animals with greater fighting ability can exert greater pressure, which tends to push boundaries away from stronger residents towards their weaker neighbors. (Adams 1127)." In light of this, one would expect to find larger territory sizes in more aggressive ant species.
从上面可以看到大多蚂蚁都挺能打斗的,而且所有的工蚁都会打斗,只是为了食物和领土.虽然大部分蚂蚁都是多型,大的我们叫为兵蚁.但在
战役中兵蚁并不占主要地位,这是因为蚂蚁打斗通常是群殴的.但有几只兵在其中就是最佳组合了.
请看资料
所以,蚂蚁之间的打斗是由数量决定的.那它们由为何要兵蚁啊?
兵蚁的发育是比工蚁好,工蚁就像早产的婴儿一样幼小,而兵蚁比较接近蚁后.有强壮的体格,最重要的是有强大的下颚.有的品种的兵蚁或大型工蚁会产未受精卵.呀,我讲离题了.
有是我们叫较大的蚂蚁叫兵蚁是有点不恰当.因为它们是多功能的工蚁.在Camponotus(弓背蚁) 中"兵蚁"用来储存食物多于用来打战,在Messor(收获蚁)中"兵蚁"用来咬破坚硬的种子,一些Pheidole(大头蚁)的兵蚁不但善战而且又是推土机........
它们不同白蚁,白蚁的工蚁和兵蚁是做完全不同的工作,兵蚁不会自己吃东西要人喂.工蚁就不会打战.
从上文可以看到,兵蚁是用来防卫脊椎动物的.
[此贴子已经被作者于2003-2-25 15:36:16编辑过]
2003-2-25 15:19:45 |
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| 回复：小豹子 | 的确，兵蚁在血战中的地位不是很高……
不过对付脊椎动物似乎有点夸张（自己的意见，小的也许可以……）……行军蚁对付脊椎动物是群殴，体现不了兵蚁的作用……
当然了一大群兵蚁可以趋赶一些脊椎动物
而真正可以单兵给小脊椎动物造成打击的往往又是单型的猛蚁家族……2003-2-26 16:10:28 |
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| 回复：蚁司令 | 在猛蚁家族里部分品种是独立觅食.所以它们会有强健的体魄,巨大的下颚.和最重要是尾巴的毒刺.它们先用巨大的下颚钳制猎物,然后弯曲尾巴猛刺下去.
2003-2-27 11:05:07 |
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| 回复：小豹子 | 我以为——没有统计过——蚂蚁中特化兵蚁的出现，多半是个体比较小的蚁种。。。
兵蚁似乎应该在战斗中发挥指导和统帅的作用，但是我还没有相关实验证明，也没有明显的观察迹象。。。。。
夏天也许会做。。。2003-3-1 8:46:09 |
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| 回复：蚁司令 | 南美切叶蚁Atta的兵蚁是很巨的,和很有杀伤力,就连南美行军蚁Eciton都不敢招待.
我在英文论坛里看到一篇关于Atta与Eciton的相遇.2支军队路线的交接点.你猜一下它们的结果.
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-14 20:44:35编辑过]
2003-3-1 10:11:04 |
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| 回复：小豹子 | 一个大的战场？？？？？
还是像反射一样的路线，有个大拐弯？
这两个部族遇到一起，不翻天也差不多。。。。2003-3-1 10:35:33 |
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| 回复：jimnyreo | | 体形越小尾巴的毒刺，就是不是越毒？ 2003-3-1 13:07:48 |
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| 回复：小豹子 | “体形越小尾巴的毒刺，就是不是越毒？”
不太明白您的意思，但是尾刺的毒性和大小因该没有关系2003-3-1 21:57:34 |
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| 回复：e40 | | 一般地说有兵蚁的群种往往会在战斗中取得实效. 2003-3-3 11:59:50 |
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