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As a general rule, in the family Formicidae, colonies that develop quickly in the early stages are better off than those which are slower to develop and grow in size (Tschinkel 210). For example, in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, multiple queens often found a colony together (Tschinkel 209). This may give such a colony an advantage because larger numbers of workers can be produced quickly (Tschinkel 209). Also: "The major advantage that does accrue to multiple founding queens is that they produce larger initial broods and worker forces in less time than the solitary founding queens (Sommer 287)." This makes these colonies less susceptible to brood raiding by nearby colonies (Tschinkel 209). Tschinkel also reports that size of workers is less important than numbers of workers; when it comes to resisting brood raiding and attempting to raid other broods (209-210).
Another advantage to polygyny maybe the ability to eat other queens that have died or been killed. "Cannibal queens lost much less weight to produce a given number of minims than unfed control queens, and these minims were heavier (Tschinkel 209)." This simple experiment shows that cannibalism can help to insure greater reproductive success because cannibal queens can produce more progeny.
Still other ants such as those of the genus Harpegnathos exhibit a vastly different approach to nest building and colony foundation. These ants are considered primitive because they form relatively small colonies, they have a relatively simple nest structure and exhibit little or no worker specialization (Crosland 18). Indeed, these factors can be related to queen behavior. As one might expect, nests of these ants were found to contain only one or in a few cases two queens (Crosland 19). Not surprisingly, the queens varied little in morphology from the workers (Crosland 19). These ants have not been studied in detail (Crosland 18). Consequently, little is know about their methods of reproduction and colony foundation (Crosland 18). However, a recent study has shown that ants of the genus and species Harpegnathos saltator do in fact exhibit monogyny (Liebig 133). "Queens disperse by flight and found colonies alone (Liebig 133)." Strangely, workers are capable of producing offspring and do so in the event that the queen dies but they do not found colonies in the wild (Liebig 133).
Finally, some of the most primitive ants of the genus Pachycondyla have no distinct queens (Heinze 441). Instead, reproduction is controlled by a social hierarchy (Heinze 441). Many of the workers are fertile and lay eggs but all except the eggs of the most dominant individuals are eaten (Heinze 441, 442, 445).
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2003-02-06.09:49:31
王常禄对于"一蚁后制的巢穴中存在多蚁后"提出的结论:
According Holldobler & Wilson (1990), the majority of the ant colonies are monogynous- only one functional queen in the nest. Polygyny (>1 functional queen in a nest) is much less common than monogyny. The reason of multiple queens in a colony can be: 1) several queens initiate the colony together (called pleometrosis); 2) one queen established a colony and others are added later by adoption or fusion with other colonies. Sometimes a colony produces alates and they become dealates. They are not true polygynous because the dealates are suppressed by the queen and do not lay eggs.
Many studies show that pleometrosis often leads to monogyny- the extra queens are killed eventually
Each species may be different in terms of the specific nature of poleometrosis. If you put two (or more) queens in the same container to start a colony, you may find they all survive for a long time or some may die quickly. However, you need to know whether it was died of health condition or as a result of fighting.Your findings on colony founding of different species will be interesting.
If you find lot of winged males and females and some dealated females, they may be from the same colony. The females shed their wings and come back to the colony. Males can mate with many females.
[ 此消息由 蚁司令 在 2003-02-08.09:25:18 编辑过 ]
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2003-02-07.11:18:52
| 最初发表时间：2005-1-12 |  | | 未填 |
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